Comparison of the efficacy and safety of TAF, TDF, and LdT to prevent the transmission of hepatitis B in pregnant women: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of telbivudine (LdT), tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for preventing hepatitis B transmission in immune-tolerant pregnant women with HBV infection. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving women who had hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) ≥ 2 × 105 IU/mL and initiated LdT, TDF, or TAF to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The primary endpoint was the safety of mothers and infants. The secondary endpoints were maternal HBV DNA reduction at delivery and MTCT rate. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients were enrolled in the study (LdT group, n = 36; TDF group, n = 35; TAF group, n = 25). All infants received hepatitis B virus immunoprophylaxis. The MTCT rate was 0%([0 of 25] vs. [0 of 35] vs. [0 of 36], p > .05). No severe liver function damage occurred in any of the mothers. Babies delivered in all groups had prenatal ultrasound screening abnormalities, but abnormality rates were not statistically significant between groups. CONCLUSION: The application of TDF, TAF, or LdT to immune-tolerant HBV-infected pregnant women in middle-late pregnancy can successfully interrupt MTCT of the HBV virus. However, for all three groups of pregnant women who delivered babies with abnormal prenatal ultrasound screening, an expanded sample size may be needed for further observation.

Five-year follow-up of sustained virological response with hepatitis C infection after direct-acting antiviral therapy: A single-center retrospective study.

In recent years, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have dramatically improved the sustained virological response (SVR) rates in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with their favorable safety and efficacy. However, there is a lack of data on the long-term prognosis of DAA therapy for CHC patients after achieving SVR in the real world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical prognosis of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated by DAA after achieving SVR. This study was a single-center, retrospective, observational study that included 243 CHC patients who reached SVR after DAA treatment in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2017 to December 2021, with a median follow-up period (FUP) of 24 months, to assess the long-term prognosis and clinical outcomes of CHC patients who reached SVR by DAA treatment. A total of 243 patients were enrolled in this study, 151 patients were male, the mean age of this study was 46.7 ±â€…12.3 years old, and 23.0% (n = 56) patients were cirrhosis in the baseline. At the end of follow-up, 9 patients (3.7%) progressed to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and patients with cirrhosis at baseline (n = 5) had a significantly higher risk of HCC compared with noncirrhotic patients (n = 4; OR = 4.485, 95% CI: 1.162-17.318, P = .029); 2.9% patients (n = 7) relapsed at the median FUP of 12 months, and patients with genotype 3b had a significantly higher risk of relapsing than those without genotype 3b (OR = 18.48, P = .002, 95% CI: 2.866-119.169). ALT, AST, and ALB all showed improvement at the end of treatment compared with the baseline, remaining at normal levels during FUP meanwhile. The DAA-induced SVR was durable, with conspicuous improvement in clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, patients, especially patients with cirrhosis, still exist the risk of appearance of HCC after reaching SVR. Therefore, regular surveillance and monitoring is necessary even after patients reached SVR.

Comparative efficacy and safety of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir and Danoprevir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: the real-world data in China.

BACKGROUND: Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir (Epclusa, ECS) is the first pan-genotype direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and Danoprevir (DNV) is the first DAA developed by a Chinese local enterprise, which is suitable for combined use with other drugs to treat genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C. However, previous reports have never compared the real-world data of ECS and DNV. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 178 chronic hepatitis C patients were retrospectively recruited, and 94cases were accepted with Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir ± Ribavirin (ECS group), and others (n = 84 treated with DNV combination therapy (DNV group). The HCV genotype, virological response, adverse effects and some laboratory biochemical indexes were contrasted between above two groups in the real world study. RESULTS: DNV group had significantly lower level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lower rates of decompensated cirrhosis ( P < 0.05). ECS group possessed more 6a (31.91% vs.13.10%) while DNV group was provided with more 1b (48.81% vs. 22.34%) patients. Significantly poor liver function was detected in ECS group at 4-week treatment (ALT and AST) and 12-week follow-up (AST) (all P < 0.05). The SVR12 undetectable rates of both groups were 100%, and no serious event was observed during the treatment and follow-up in both groups. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective real-world study, the efficacy of DNV combined therapy is similar to Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir ± Ribavirin for chronic HCV infection, and the safety is comparable. DNV based therapy is a promising regimen for chronic hepatitis C.

The 96-week clinical outcomes after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analog treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients have a high virological relapse rate after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) treatment, but the clinical outcome remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the 96-week clinical outcomes and the risk factors for relapse in CHB after cessation of NAs. METHODS: This study was a prospective trial; 74 eligible patients were enrolled. The patients underwent NA cessation and follow-up according to the 2012 Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver Guideline. Symptoms, biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine), virological data (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg], hepatitis B e antibody [HBeAb], hepatitis B virus [HBV] DNA levels), and color Doppler ultrasound examination results were recorded and analysed. RESULTS: After NA cessation, 19 cases were HBsAg-negative without relapse during the 96-week follow-up. Of the 55 cases of HBsAg-positive after cessation, four types of clinical outcomes were observed. Twelve patients had no relapse during the 96-week follow-up (type A, 21.8%), 7 patients underwent virological relapses but spontaneously had a non-virological relapse (type B, 12.7%), 10 patients maintained virological relapse (type C, 18.2%), and 26 patients turned to clinical relapse, received NA retreatment, and achieved ALT normalization and negative conversion of HBV DNA within 12 months (type D, 47.3%). The 2-year overall cumulative rates of virological and clinical relapses were 58.1% and 24.3%, respectively. Independent factors associated with virological relapse were duration of negative HBV DNA, EOT (end of treatment) HBsAg, and original status of HBeAg. The EOT HBsAg was also an independent factor for clinical relapse. CONCLUSIONS: There are four types of clinical outcomes in patients with CHB after cessation of NA treatment. Further research is needed to explore the mechanism of different clinical outcomes. The EOT HBsAg level is an independent factor associated with both virological and clinical relapse.

Factors associated with non-compliance with breastfeeding recommendation: a retrospective survey in hepatitis B virus-infected mothers who had taken Nucleos(t)ide analogs during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: We encourage Hepatitis B virus-infected mothers to breastfeed postpartum, even when continuing pregnancy category B nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) treatment. However, a large proportion of the Hepatitis B virus-infected mothers were noncompliant with this breastfeeding recommendation. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with noncompliance with breastfeeding recommendation in Hepatitis B virus-infected mothers who had received NAs treatment during pregnancy. METHODS: A total of 155 mothers with chronic hepatitis B receiving NAs treatment for preventing mother-to-child transmission during the late gestation period were included and divided into exclusive breastfeeding (n = 63), mixed feeding (n = 34), and artificial feeding (n = 58) groups according to the postpartum feeding methods. Independent variables associated with feeding methods were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Compared to the breastfeeding and mixed feeding groups, the artificial feeding group had significantly more multiparity, later postpartum timing of stopping NAs treatment, and a lower proportion of having knowledge of NAs medications (all P < 0.05). In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed that multiparity, later postpartum timing of stopping NAs treatment, and lacking knowledge of medication were independent factors associated with noncompliance with breastfeeding recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatitis B virus-infected mothers who stopped NAs treatment at late postpartum period or had less knowledge of medication were more likely to be noncompliant with breastfeeding recommendation. Strengthening health education for participants taking NAs may be an important method to improve compliance with breastfeeding recommendation.

Efficacy and safety of danoprevir plus sofosbuvir in GT 1, 2, 3, or 6 chronic hepatitis C patients with or without cirrhosis in China.

ABSTRACT: All-oral direct-acting antiviral therapies are becoming the choice for hepatitis C (HCV) treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (DNVr) plus sofosbuvir±ribavirin on HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, or 6 in the real world in China.In this observational, prospective, multicenter cohort, we enrolled a total of 58 patients with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, or 6 patients from July 2018 to December 2019. All patients were treated with DNVr plus sofosbuvir ± ribavirin for 12 weeks and then followed up for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the rate of sustained virologic response at week 12 after the end of treatment (SVR12). The secondary endpoint was virologic response rate at end-of-treatment and adverse event outcome.Of the 58 patients who were enrolled, 5.2% (n = 3) had genotype 1a; 43.1% (n = 25) had HCV genotype 1b; 17.2% (n = 10) had genotype 2a; 5.2% (n = 3) had genotype 3a; 8.6% (n = 5) had genotype 3b; and 20.7% (n = 12) had genotype 6a. The virologic response rate at end-of-treatment was 100% (58/58). The HCV-RNA results of 5 patients were absent at week 12 after treatment. Among the 53 patients, SVR12 rate achieved 100% (53/53) with DNVr plus sofosbuvir ± ribavirin treatment in patients with HCV genotype 1b, 2a, 3, and 6a. For compensated cirrhosis and noncirrhosis patients, SVR12 was 100% with DNVr plus sofosbuvir ± ribavirin treatment. No serious event was observed during the treatment and follow-up. Only 5 patients had mild adverse events.DNVr plus sofosbuvir ± ribavirin for 12 weeks provided 100% SVR12 in a broad patient population and were well tolerated, which may be a promising regimen for CHC treatment.

Efficacy of 104-week Telbivudine-based optimization strategy in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infections.

BACKGROUND: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of 104-week regimen of Telbivudine(LdT)-based optimization strategy for Chinese patients who have chronic hepatits B(CHB) with HBeAg-negative. METHODS: This multi-center, open-label, prospective study enrolled 108 HBeAg-negative CHB patients who received LdT (600 mg/day) for 24 weeks, Adefovir (ADV) was added if HBV DNA remained detectable at week 24, otherwise LdT was maintained to use until 104 weeks. HBV DNA, alanine amino transferase (ALT), hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg), creatinine kinase(CK), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured, safety was assessed. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients (81%) had HBV-DNA undetectable at 24 weeks and maintained to receive LdT monotherapy until 104 weeks, whereas the other 20 patients had HBV-DNA detectable and ADV was used in combination. For all patients, 72% of patients reached ALT normalization at 24 weeks, which increased to 80% at 52 weeks and 104 weeks, respectively.. 81% of total patients had undetectable HBV-DNA at 24 weeks, 92% at 52 weeks, and 94% at 104 weeks. The HBsAg titre declined steadily from baseline to 104 weeks (3.62 vs. 2.98 log10 IU/mL, p < 0.05), and the eGFR increased steadily from baseline to 104 weeks (92.9 vs. 104.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.05). Although 79 patients (73%) had at least one time of elevated CK, most of these patients had CK elevated in Grade 1/2. CONCLUSIONS: LdT was well tolerated and effective, and 94% of patients achieved virological suppression after 104 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in clinicaltrials.gov on January 31, 2012 and the ID No. was NCT01521975 .

Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Data on tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) for preventing mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are lacking. AIMS: To investigate the efficacy and safety of TAF therapy for preventing hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission. METHODS: Mothers with chronic HBV infection, positive for hepatitis B e-antigen and with HBV DNA >200 000 IU/mL received TAF for preventing mother-to-child transmission were enrolled retrospectively from multiple centres with data collection on mother-infant dyads up to postpartum week 24-28. Primary measurements were the mother-to-child transmission rate and infants' malformation rate. Secondary assessments included maternal HBV DNA reduction at delivery, and maternal or infant adverse events during follow up. RESULTS: Among 71 mothers enrolled, the mean (±SD) age was 30.3 (±2.2) years. TAF was initiated during the second or third trimester and continued to delivery with a mean (±SD) duration of 12.8 (±4.0) weeks. At delivery, 85.9% (61/71) of the mothers achieved HBV DNA <200 000 IU/L. Seventy-three infants (two sets of twins) were born from mothers treated with TAF and none had congenital defects or malformations. All infants received HBV immunoglobulin and vaccine at birth with additional HBV vaccinations at one and six months. At age 24-28 weeks, all infants had negative hepatitis B surface antigen and undetectable levels of HBV DNA (<100 IU/mL). Body weight, height, and head circumferences were comparable to national standards for physical development. No severe adverse effects were reported in either mothers or infants. CONCLUSIONS: TAF for highly viraemic mothers effectively prevented mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B. There were no safety concerns for either mothers or infants with 24-28 weeks of follow up.

The safety of antiviral therapy and drug withdrawal for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV during pregnancy.

The efficacy of prenatal antiviral therapy (AVT) for preventing the vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is well demonstrated. However, data are limited regarding the safety of postpartum cessation of AVT, which may induce alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation. We aimed to investigate the necessity of prolonging maternal AVT after delivery. Chronic hepatitis B mothers at the immune-tolerant phase with HBV DNA levels >6 log10 IU/mL were prospectively enrolled and received AVT during the third trimester until delivery. Patients were offered to discontinue AVT either at delivery or postpartum week (PPW) 6. In addition, mothers who deferred AVT during pregnancy served as the control group. All mothers were followed until PPW 52 for clinical and virological parameters of hepatitis flares. Among 118 mothers recruited, 91 received AVT with 53 (group A) and 24 (group B) discontinue their treatment at delivery and PPW 6, respectively. Twenty-seven mothers who deferred AVT during pregnancy were followed as the control (group C). A total of 104 of 118 mothers who completed the study, 50% (52/104) had postpartum-elevated ALT levels, which were mild and moderate except 6 of 104 (5.77%) of patients had levels ≥5 times the upper limit of normal; 70% (36/52) of the ALT flares occurred within 12 weeks after delivery. In subgroup analyses, the frequency of ALT elevation was similar among the groups A vs B vs C (50.9% [27/53] vs 58.3% [14/24] vs 40.7% [11/27], respectively; P = .447), as well as the mean peak ALT level (108.4/74.1/126.7 U/L in groups A/B/C, respectively; P = .291). Although postpartum ALT flares were common for mothers with or without AVT during pregnancy, most cases of ALT elevation were mild to moderate. Our study observed that extending AVT to PPW 6 did not affect maternal outcomes and ATV should be discontinued at birth. Close monitoring is warranted as severe flares rarely occurred.

Overexpressing CCT6A Contributes To Cancer Cell Growth By Affecting The G1-To-S Phase Transition And Predicts A Negative Prognosis In Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the oncogenic role of the sixth subunit of chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1 (CCT6A) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and address the correlation of CCT6A with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Additionally, this study aimed to explore the effect of CCT6A on HCC cells and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: We searched for levels of CCT6A expression in the Oncomine database and GEPIA database, which was then validated by analyzing cancer and adjacent non-cancerous tissues of HCC patients using quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. The relationship between CCT6A expression and survival was analyzed from the GEPIA database and confirmed by immunohistochemistry assays of 133 HCC tissue sections. In addition, the effect of depleting CCT6A on cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell cycle analysis, immunofluorescence assays, GSEA analysis, and cyclin D expression analyzed by Western blot were used to explore the possible underlying mechanism how dysregulated CCT6A affect the proliferation of HCC. RESULTS: Both mRNA and protein levels of CCT6A were increased in HCC tissues. Higher CCT6A expression was significantly associated with reduced overall survival (P = 0.023). CCT6A depletion inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cyclin D, hindering the G1-to-S phase arrest. CONCLUSION: CCT6A may contribute to HCC cell proliferation by accelerating the G1-to-S transition, as it maintains the expression of cyclin D. CCT6A could be considered an oncogene of HCC and could be used as a prognostic biomarker for HCC.

Barriers to hepatitis C virus treatment in Guangdong Province.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to analyze the causes of nontreatment among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and increase the cure rate of chronic hepatitis C in Guangdong Province. METHODS: We performed both retrospective survey and prospective study in a cohort of 435 outpatients in our center to analyze the subjective and objective causes of HCV non-treatment. RESULTS: Among 1,931 patients, 435 did not receive anti-viral therapy (AVT), and, in 37 of these patients, the virus load was persistently negative. In the remaining 398 patients, HCV RNA repeatedly tested positive. The causes of nontreatment in these patients included economic constraints (n=77, 17.7%); old age, fear of treatment-related side effects, uncertainty (n=46, 10.6%); fear of potential adverse effects on fertility (n=37, 8.5%); fear of interferon side-effects (n=21, 4.8%); and dosing inconvenience during study or work (n=9, 2.1%). In addition, 137 patients (31.5%) had medical contraindications including decompensated hepatic cirrhosis (n=55, 12.6%), uncontrolled autoimmune diseases (e.g., autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus) (n=19, 4.4%), renal dysfunction (n=21, 4.8%), thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism) (n=16, 3.7%), depression (n=14, 3.2%), uncontrolled diabetes (n=5, 1.1%), severe lung disease (e.g., active tuberculosis) (n=4, 0.9%), symptomatic heart disease (n=3, 0.7%), alcoholism (n=15, 3.4%), drug addiction (n=31, 7.1%), lack of physician recommendation (n=2, 0.5%), and unknown reasons (n=23, 5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The low rate of AVT in HCV-infected patients is related to many factors. In Guangdong province, HCV patients do not receive AVT mainly due to economic constraints, patients' fear of side effects, and the presence of contraindications.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells expansion is closely associated with disease severity and progression in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Dysregulation of the host immune responses induced by host hepatitis B virus (HBV) interactions has been observed in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), well known for their immunomodulatory properties, can suppress T-cell function by regulating the expression of CD3 ζ chain in cancer and autoimmune/infectious diseases while rarely have been studied in ACLF. In this study, MDSCs, CD4+ /CD8+ T cells, and CD3 ζ chain were analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from HBV-related ACLF patients, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and healthy controls. ACLF patients were followed up for dynamic detection of MDSCs and observation of outcomes after treatment. Interestingly, peripheral CD14+ CD33+ CD11b+ HLA-DR-/low MDSCs from ACLF patients were significantly increased compared to those from CHB patients and healthy controls. CD4+ /CD8+ T cell frequency and CD3 ζ chain expression in T cells were decreased in ACLF patients compared to those of healthy controls and were negatively correlated with matched MDSC frequency. Meanwhile, the frequency of MDSCs was closely correlated with biochemical parameters that are relevant for liver injury rather than virological parameters. Moreover, a lower level of MDSCs was correlated with a better short-term prognosis (within 4 weeks but not at 8 weeks), and MDSCs remained high in ACLF patients whose conditions worsened within a 4-week follow-up period after treatment. These results suggest that MDSCs are closely involved in cell-mediated immunity in HBV-related ACLF and that peripheral MDSC expansion is closely associated with disease severity and progression in HBV-related ACLF, which may serve as a predictor of short-term prognosis.

Transient Elastography and Ultrasonography: Optimal Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Concurrent with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Concordance between transient elastography (TE) and ultrasonography (US) in assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and concurrent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rarely studied. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined performances of TE and US in assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive CHB patients with NAFLD were prospectively enrolled. TE and US examinations were performed, with liver biopsy as a reference standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Differences between the areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) were compared using DeLong's test. RESULTS: TE and US scores correlated significantly with the histological fibrosis staging scores. TE was significantly superior to US in the diagnosis of significant fibrosis (AUC, 0.84 vs 0.73; P=0.02), advanced fibrosis (AUC, 0.95 vs 0.76; P<0.001), and cirrhosis (AUC, 0.96 vs 0.71; P<0.001). Combining TE with US did not increase the accuracy of detecting significant fibrosis, advanced cirrhosis, or cirrhosis (P=0.62, P=0.69, and P=0.38, respectively) compared to TE alone. However, TE combined with US significantly increased the positive predictive value for significant fibrosis when compared to TE alone. The optimal cut-off values of TE for predicting advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis were 8.7 kPa and 10.9 kPa, with negative predictive values of 92.4% and 98.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TE is useful for predicting hepatic fibrosis and excluding cirrhosis in CHB patients with NAFLD. A combination of TE and US does not improve the accuracy in assessing liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

The effects of direct-acting antiviral agents on the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and natural killer cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Currently, hepatitis C antiviral therapy is entering a new era with the use of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents. However, the precise immunological influences of DAA therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are insufficiently understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DAA therapy on the frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells in patients with CHC. Thirty-two treatment-naive CHC patients were treated with DAA therapy, and the frequency of immune cells was analyzed by flow cytometry at various time points during and after therapy. Sixteen healthy donors were recruited for comparison. DAA therapy decreased the frequency of MDSCs and monocytic MDSCs in patients with CHC to a normal level. DAA therapy also increased the CD8+ T and NK cell levels in patients with CHC. In addition, activation (NKp30 and NKp46) and inhibitory (NKG2A) receptors on NK cells were downregulated to yield an NK cell phenotype resembling that observed in the healthy controls. This study provides insight into the normalization of immune cell levels under DAA therapy and indicates that restoration of the immune system in patients with CHC strongly supports long-term curative hepatitis C virus eradication.

Increased IL-17-producing CD8+ T cell frequency predicts short-term mortality in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.

BACKGROUND: IL-17-producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells promote inflammation and have been identified in chronic hepatitis. However, the role of Tc17 cells in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) remains unclear. METHODS: The frequency of Tc17 cells in blood samples from 66 patients with HBV-ACLF was determined by flow cytometry. The levels of Tc17 cell-related cytokines were measured by FlowCytomix assays. The prognostic prediction accuracy was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Mortality predictors were determined by the Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The frequency of Tc17 cells was markedly higher in patients with HBV-ACLF than in those with chronic hepatitis B and normal control subjects. Increased frequencies of Tc17 cells may indicate liver injury and were positively correlated with disease severity. The Tc17 cell frequency was significantly higher in non-surviving patients with HBV-ACLF than in surviving patients. The ROC curve analysis showed that Tc17 cell frequency accurately predicted 90-day survival in patients with HBV-ACLF, with an accuracy equivalent to those of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-Na, and Chronic Liver Failure Consortium ACLF scores. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an association between the increase in circulating Tc17 cells and poor overall survival in patients with HBV-ACLF. Moreover, the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Tc17 cell frequency was an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with HBV-ACLF. CONCLUSION: Tc17 cells may play a proinflammatory role in HBV-ACLF pathogenesis. Furthermore, the increased frequency of circulating Tc17 cells could be an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with HBV-ACLF.

Th17 cells over 5.9% at admission indicate poor prognosis in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Our previous study demonstrated that Th17 cells increased significantly in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). However, their prognostic role in HBV-ACLF patients remains unknown.Sixty-eight consecutive HBV-ACLF patients were enrolled in this cohort study. Th17 cells were examined using flow cytometry. Disease severity scores were assessed. ROC curves were used to evaluate the value in predicting prognosis. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Predictors of mortality were determined by regression analysis.Th17 cells were significantly higher in HBV-ACLF patients compared to patients with chronic hepatitis B and normal controls (both P < .001). Also, Th17 cells were higher in nonsurviving HBV-ACLF patients than in surviving patients (P = .014). Th17 cells were positively correlated with CLIF-Consortium ACLF (CLIF-C ACLF) score (r = 0.240, P = .048). ROC curves showed that the frequency of Th17 cells had accuracy in predicting 90-day prognosis equivalent to MELD, MELD-Na and CLIF-C ACLF scores in HBV-ACLF (P = .34, P = .26, and P = .15, respectively). More importantly, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) increased when Th17 cells were combined with MELD, MELD-Na or CLIF-C ACLF score than using Th17 cells alone (P = .021, P = .006, and P = .023, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that higher Th17 cells (≥5.9%) were closely associated with poor overall survival in HBV-ACLF (P = .0086). Additionally, multivariate regression analysis showed that the frequency of Th17 cells over 5.9% was an independent predictor of mortality (OR = 0.154, P = .025).Circulating Th17 cells positively correlated with disease severity in HBV-ACLF. The frequency of Th17 cells over 5.9% could serve as a prognostic biomarker for HBV-ACLF patients.

48-Week Outcome after Cessation of Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis B Patient and the Associated Factors with Relapse.

Background and Aims: We aimed to ascertain the feasibility and safety of NA cessation, the status of patients after cessation, and the predictive factors for relapse and subsequent retreatment. Methods: A total of 92 patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were monitored every month for the first 3 months after cessation and every 3 months thereafter. Results: Sixty-two patients finished 48 weeks of follow-up. None died or developed liver failure, cirrhosis, or HCC. The 62 patients could be divided into 4 categories according to the 48-week clinical development of relapse. Virologic relapses occurred in 39 (62.9%) patients, with 72.7% occurring in the first 24 weeks in origin HBeAg positive patients and 82.4% in the first 12 weeks in origin HBeAg negative patients. Age (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10; p = 0.003), the HBsAg level (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.47-3.32; p < 0.001), and positive origin HBeAg status (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14-0.74; p = 0.008) were predictive factors to virologic relapse. HBV DNA level (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.13-1.58; p < 0.001) was predictive factor to retreatment. Conclusions: NA cessation is safe under supervision. Age, HBsAg level, and origin HBeAg status can be predictive factors for virologic relapse. The study was submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System with the assigned NCT ID NCT02883647.

Dynamic Changes of the Frequency of Classic and Inflammatory Monocytes Subsets and Natural Killer Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Treated by Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents.

OBJECTIVE: Up to now, little was known about the immunological changes of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs); we try to explore the effect of DAAs on the frequency of monocytes, NK cells, and cytokines that promote their activation. METHODS: 15 treatment-naive CHC patients and 10 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were examined before DAAs therapy (0 w) and at week 4 (4 w) and week 12 (12 w) of therapy. Percentage of monocytes and NK cells of the peripheral blood was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokines IL-12, IL-18, CXCL10, CXCL11, sCD14, and sCD163 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The frequency of CD3-CD16+CD56+ NK cells and classic CD14++CD16- monocytes decreased, while CD14+CD16+ monocytes and cytokines IL-12, IL-18, CXCL10, CXCL11, sCD14, and sCD163 increased at 0 w compared to healthy controls. During DAAs treatment, the decreased NK cells and classic monocytes gradually increased to normal levels; the increased inflammatory monocytes and cytokines IL-12 and CXCL11 decreased to normal levels, but the increased cytokines IL-18, CXCL10, sCD14, and sCD163 still remained at high levels at 12 w though they decreased rapidly from 0 w. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that DAAs treatment attenuated the activation of monocytes and NK cells in CHC patients. Trial registration number is NCT03063723.

Favorable Outcomes of Chinese HCV-Related Cirrhotic Patients with Sustained Virological Response after Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin Treatment.

Few studies have conducted follow-up investigations of the clinical course in HCV-related cirrhotic patients who achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment (PegIFN + RBV). We investigated the clinical course and laboratory data in a prospective cohort study enrolling HCV-related cirrhotic patients who received PegIFN + RBV between August 2008 and July 2013 in China. Complete blood counts, liver function tests, and HCV-RNA were serially examined. Liver-related complications were recorded. To detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), alpha-fetoprotein assays, and ultrasound scans were repeated at 6-month intervals. Twenty-five patients were enrolled, including 8 patients with decompensation events before treatment. Eighteen patients achieved SVR with a mean follow-up period of 25.78 months. During the follow-up period, only one patient exhibited HCV-RNA positivity and no decompensation events were detected, but 4 patients developed HCC after SVR. APRI decreased more in patients with SVR than in patients with non-SVR (median, -1.33 versus 0.86, P < 0.001). The albumin levels and platelet counts significantly increased during the follow-up period after SVR (44.27 ± 4.09 versus 42.63 ± 4.37, P = 0.037 and 173.89 ± 87.36 versus 160.11 ± 77.97, P = 0.047). These data indicated that HCV-related cirrhotic patients with SVR after PegIFN + RBV may have a favorable clinical course and improvements in laboratory data. Moreover, HCC should be monitored.

Tumoral indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 is regulated by monocytes and T lymphocytes collaboration in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in cancer cells plays a critical role in tumor immunosuppression. However, the precise mechanisms regulating tumoral IDO1 expression in tumor milieus remain unclear. Here, we reported that IDO1 expression in tumor cells of hepatocelluar carcinomas (HCC), displayed a discrete rather than uniform pattern. In vitro culture, human hepatoma cell lines did not constitutively express IDO1. Interestingly, co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) significantly induced and maintained IDO1 expression in these tumor cells, predominantly through IFN-γ. Mechanistically, we showed that IDO1 expression in tumor cells was only induced when co-cultured with both T lymphocytes and monocytes. Moreover, the cooperation between T lymphocytes and monocytes played an indispensable role on the tumoral IDO1 expression in immunocompromised mice. Taken together, our data supported the notion that IDO1 expression in tumor cells might serve as a counter-regulatory mechanism regulated by immune system, and provided new insights into the collaborative action of different inflammatory cells in tumor immunosuppression.